| Purity[纯度] | 99.2% |
| Thickness[厚度] | 0.0025mm |
| Typical Analysis(典型分析) |
| C | 250 PPM |
| Cr | 200 PPM |
| Fe | 200 PPM |
| H | 10 PPM |
| Hf | 2500 PPM |
| N | 100 PPM |
| O | 1000 PPM |
| Atomic Properties(原子属性) |
| Atomic number | 40 |
| Atomic weight ( amu ) | 91.22000 |
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal Close Packed |
| Electronic structure | Kr4d²5s² |
| Ionisation potential ( No./eV ) | 4 / 34.34 |
| Ionisation potential ( No./eV ) | 6 / 99 |
| Ionisation potential ( No./eV ) | 2 / 13.13 |
| Ionisation potential ( No./eV ) | 1 / 6.84 |
| Ionisation potential ( No./eV ) | 5 / 81.5 |
| Ionisation potential ( No./eV ) | 3 / 22.99 |
| Natural isotope distribution ( Mass No./% ) | 96 / 2.8 |
| Natural isotope distribution ( Mass No./% ) | 92 / 17.1 |
| Natural isotope distribution ( Mass No./% ) | 91 / 11.2 |
| Natural isotope distribution ( Mass No./% ) | 94 / 17.5 |
| Natural isotope distribution ( Mass No./% ) | 90 / 51.4 |
| Photo-electric work function ( eV ) | 3.80 |
| Thermal neutron absorption cross-section ( Barns ) | 0.1820 |
| Valences shown | 2 ,3,4 |
| Mechanical Properties(机械性能) |
| Bulk modulus ( GPa ) ( Polycrystalline ) | 89.8 |
| Bulk modulus ( GPa ) ( Soft ) | 89.8 |
| Hardness - Vickers ( kgf mm⁻² ) ( Soft ) | 85 - 100 |
| Material condition | Polycrystalline |
| Material condition | Soft |
| Poisson's ratio ( Polycrystalline ) | 0.380 |
| Poisson's ratio ( Soft ) | 0.380 |
| Tensile modulus ( GPa ) ( Polycrystalline ) | 98.00 |
| Tensile modulus ( GPa ) ( Soft ) | 98.00 |
| Tensile strength ( MPa ) ( Soft ) | 350.00 - 390.00 |
| Yield strength ( MPa ) ( Soft ) | 250.0 - 310.0 |
| Electrical Properties(电气特性) |
| Electrical resistivity ( μOhmcm ) | 44@20℃ |
| Superconductivity critical temperature ( K ) | 0.6100 |
| Temperature coefficient ( K⁻¹ ) | 0.00440 @0-100℃ |
| Thermal emf against Pt (cold 0C - hot 100C) ( mV ) | 1.17 |
| Physical Properties(物理性质) |
| Boiling point ( C ) | 4377 |
| Density ( g cm⁻³ ) | 6.490 @20℃ |
| Thermal Properties(热性能) |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion ( x10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ ) | 5.900 @0-100℃ |
| Latent heat of evaporation ( J g⁻¹ ) | 6360 |
| Latent heat of fusion ( J g⁻¹ ) | 211.00 |
| Melting point ( C ) | 1852.00 |
| Specific heat ( J K⁻¹ kg⁻¹ ) | 281.0 @25℃ |
| Thermal conductivity ( W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ ) | 22.70 @0-100℃ |
