Background:

ETC-1002 is an activator of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).

ETC-1002 free acid activates AMP-activated protein kinase in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase β-independent and liver kinase β 1-dependent manner, without detectable changes in adenylate energy charge. ETC-1002 is shown to rapidly form a CoA thioester in liver, which directly inhibits ATP-citrate lyase[1]. In cells treated with ETC-1002, increased levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation coincide with reduced activity of MAP kinases and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines[2].

A marked and sustained increase in AMPK and ACC phosphorylation is found in rat livers following two weeks of treatment with ETC-1002. ETC-1002 free acid is >100-fold more prevalent than the CoA thioester in rat liver and is associated with AMPK activation[1]. ETC-1002 suppresses thioglycollate-induced homing of leukocytes into mouse peritoneal cavity. In a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, ETC-1002 restores adipose AMPK activity, reduces JNK phosphorylation, and diminishes expression of macrophage-specific marker 4F/80[2].

[1]. Pinkosky SL, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase and ATP-citrate lyase are two distinct molecular targets for ETC-1002, a novel small molecule regulator of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2013 Jan;54(1):134-51. [2]. Filippov S, et al. ETC-1002 regulates immune response, leukocyte homing, and adipose tissue inflammation via LKB1-dependent activation of macrophage AMPK. J Lipid Res. 2013 Aug;54(8):2095-108.