1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE is a naturally-occurring lysophospholipid and an analog of plasmalogen lysophosphatidylethanolamine. It induces transient increases in intracellular calcium in PC12 rat neuronal cells in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that can be blocked by the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) antagonist AM095 . 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE (100 ng/ml) increases IL-2 production in CD1d-stimulated murine natural killer T (NKT) cell hybridoma 2H4 cells. It also induces production of IL-4, but not IFN-γ, in murine splenocytes when used at a concentration of 100 ng/ml and in mouse serum when administered at a dose of 1 μg per animal, indicating induction of the T helper 2 (Th2) response. 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE levels increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) in mice following three-day cold exposure.